Key to Wisconsin Pinaceae

Author: John G. Zaborsky

• 1a.Leaves needle-like, all or mostly grouped in definite clusters 2

• 1b.Leaves flattened or 4-sided, alternate, not in definite clusters 3

• 2a.Leaves crowded on short lateral shoots (leaves alternate and borne singly on new twigs), deciduous; female cones to 3.5 cm long Larix

• 2b.Leaves in clusters of 2 or 5 (sometimes 3), evergreen; female cones more than 3 cm long Pinus

• 3a.Leaves persistent on dried branches, sessile, separating cleanly from a leaf-scar on the surface of the twig; female cones borne upright Abies

• 3b.Leaves readily falling from dried branches, leaving persistent peg-like bases on the twigs; female cones pendent 4

• 4a.Leaves flattened, rounded at the apex, distinctly short-stalked Tsuga

• 4b.Leaves 4-sided, acute at the apex, sessile on peg-like base Picea