Habitat:
moderate-sized seasonal wetland bisected by gravel road; surrounding young woods of Populus tremuloides, Abies balsamea, Quercus rubra, Fraxinus nigra, Salix bebbiana and Cornus rugosa; ground layer associates include sparse Rubus strigosus, Solidago gigantea, and Scirpus cyperinus; clay soil
Occurrence Remarks:
invasive plant survey, conducted by Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission; dominant herb forming dense, nearly monotypic stands; not seen elsewhere; very few shoots have spikes